Helmholtz energy function

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz Definition of A (for arbeit):

$A=U-TS$

where U is the internal energy, T is the temperature and S is the entropy. (TS) is a conjugate pair. The differential of this function is

$dA=dU-TdS-SdT$

From the second law of thermodynamics one obtains

$dA=TdS-pdV-TdS-SdT$

thus one arrives at

$dA=-pdV-SdT$.

For A(T,V) one has the following total differential

$dA={(\frac{\partial A}{\partial T})}_{V}dT+{(\frac{\partial A}{\partial V})}_{T}dV$

The following equation provides a link between classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics:

$A=-k_{B}T\ln Q_{NVT}$

where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and $Q_{NVT}$ is the canonical ensemble partition function.

See also

• Canonical ensemble
• Grand canonical ensemble