Semi-grand ensembles

Semi-grand ensembles are used in Monte Carlo simulation of mixtures. In these ensembles the total number of molecules is fixed, but the composition can change.

Canonical ensemble: fixed volume, temperature and number(s) of molecules

We shall consider a system consisting of c components;. In the canonical ensemble, the differential equation energy for the Helmholtz energy function can be written as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d \left( \beta A \right) = E d \beta - (\beta p) d V + \sum_{i=1}^c (\beta \mu_i) d N_i } ,

where:

• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A } is the Helmholtz energy function
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta := 1/k_B T }
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_B} is the Boltzmann constant
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T } is the absolute temperature
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E } is the internal energy
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p } is the pressure
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu_i } is the chemical potential of the species Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i}
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_i } is the number of molecules of the species Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i}

Semi-grand ensemble at fixed volume and temperature

Consider now that we wish to consider a system with fixed total number of particles, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left. N = \sum_{i=1}^c N_i \right. } ;

but the composition can change, from thermodynamic considerations one can apply a Legendre transform [HAVE TO CHECK ACCURACY] to the differential equation written above in terms of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A (T,V,N_1,N_2) } .

• Consider the variable change Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_1 \rightarrow N } i.e.: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left. N_1 = N- \sum_{i=2}^c N_i \right. }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d \left( \beta A \right) = E d \beta - (\beta p) d V + \beta \mu_1 d N - \beta \mu_1 \sum_{i=2}^c d N_i + \sum_{i=2}^c \beta \mu_i d N_i; }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d \left( \beta A \right) = E d \beta - (\beta p) d V + \beta \mu_1 d N + \sum_{i=2}^c \beta (\mu_i-\mu_1) d N_i; }

or,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d \left( \beta A \right) = E d \beta - (\beta p) d V + \beta \mu_1 d N + \sum_{i=2}^c \beta \mu_{i1} d N_i; }

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left. \mu_{i1} \equiv \mu_i - \mu_1 \right. } .

• Now considering the thermodynamic potential: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta A - \sum_{i=2}^c \left( N_i \beta \mu_{i1} \right) }

Failed to parse (Conversion error. Server ("https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_") reported: "Cannot get mml. Server problem."): {\displaystyle d\left[\beta A-\sum _{i=2}^{c}(\beta \mu _{i1}N_{i})\right]=Ed\beta -\left(\beta p\right)dV+\beta \mu _{1}dN-\sum _{i=2}^{c}N_{i}d\left(\beta \mu _{i1}\right).}

Fixed pressure and temperature

In the isothermal-isobaric ensemble: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (N_1,N_2, \cdots, N_c, p, T) } one can write:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d (\beta G) = E d \beta + V d (\beta p) + \sum_{i=1}^c \left( \beta \mu_i \right) d N_i }

where:

• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G } is the Gibbs energy function

Fixed pressure and temperature: Semi-grand ensemble

Following the procedure described above one can write:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta G (\beta,\beta p, N_1, N_2, \cdots N_c ) \rightarrow \beta \Phi (\beta, \beta p, N, \beta \mu_{21}, \cdots, \beta \mu_{c1} ) } ,

where the new thermodynamic potential Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta \Phi } is given by:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d (\beta \Phi) = d \left[ \beta G - \sum_{i=2}^c (\beta \mu_{i1} N_i ) \right] = E d \beta + V d (\beta p) + \beta \mu_1 d N - \sum_{i=2}^c N_i d (\beta \mu_{i1} ). }

Fixed pressure and temperature: Semi-grand ensemble: partition function

In the fixed composition ensemble one has:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Q_{N_i,p,T} = \frac{ \beta p }{\prod_{i=1}^c \left( \Lambda_i^{3N_i} N_i! \right) } \int_{0}^{\infty} dV e^{-\beta p V } V^N \int \left( \prod_{i=1}^c d (R_i^*)^{3N_i} \right) \exp \left[ - \beta U \left( V, (R_1^*)^{3N_1} , \cdots \right) \right]. }