Fluctuation-dissipation theorem

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is given by

$\left.B\right.=\zeta k_{B}T$

where B represents random noise or a fluctuating force, $\zeta$ is a dissipative or frictional force, $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.

References

• H. Nyquist "Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors", Physical Review 32 pp. 110 - 113 (1928)
• Herbert B. Callen and Theodore A. Welton "Irreversibility and Generalized Noise", Physical Review 83 pp. 34 - 40 (1951)
• Herbert B. Callen and Richard F. Greene "On a Theorem of Irreversible Thermodynamics", Physical Review 86 pp. 702 - 710 (1952)
• Richard F. Greene and Herbert B. Callen "On a Theorem of Irreversible Thermodynamics. II ", Physical Review 88 pp. 1387 - 1391 (1952)
• Denis J. Evans, E. G. D. Cohen and G. P. Morriss "Probability of second law violations in shearing steady states", Physical Review Letters 71 pp. 2401-2404 (1993)
• G. M. Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans "Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales", Physical Review Letters 89 050601 (2002)
• Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi, Andrea Puglisi, Lamberto Rondoni, and Angelo Vulpiani "Fluctuation–dissipation: Response theory in statistical physics", Physics Reports 461 pp. 111-195 (2008)