Semi-grand ensembles

General features

Semi-grand ensembles are used in Monte Carlo simulation of mixtures. In these ensembles the total number of molecules is fixed, but the composition can change.

Canonical ensemble: fixed volume, temperature and number(s) of molecules

We shall consider a system consisting of c components;. In the canonical ensemble, the differential equation energy for the Helmholtz energy function can be written as:

$d\left(\beta A\right)=Ed\beta -(\beta p)dV+\sum _{i=1}^{c}(\beta \mu _{i})dN_{i}$,

where:

• $A$ is the Helmholtz energy function
• $\beta \equiv 1/k_{B}T$
• $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant
• $T$ is the absolute temperature
• $E$ is the internal energy
• $p$ is the pressure
• $\mu _{i}$ is the chemical potential of the species $i$
• $N_{i}$ is the number of molecules of the species $i$

Semi-grand ensemble at fixed volume and temperature

Consider now that we wish to consider a system with fixed total number of particles, $N$

$\left.N=\sum _{i=1}^{c}N_{i}\right.$;

but the composition can change, from thermodynamic considerations one can apply a Legendre transform [HAVE TO CHECK ACCURACY] to the differential equation written above in terms of $A(T,V,N_{1},N_{2})$.

• Consider the variable change $N_{1}\rightarrow N$ i.e.: $\left.N_{1}=N-\sum _{i=2}^{c}N_{i}\right.$

$d\left(\beta A\right)=Ed\beta -(\beta p)dV+\beta \mu _{1}dN-\beta \mu _{1}\sum _{i=2}^{c}dN_{i}+\sum _{i=2}^{c}\beta \mu _{2}dN_{2};$

$d\left(\beta A\right)=Ed\beta -(\beta p)dV+\beta \mu _{1}dN+\sum _{i=2}^{c}\beta (\mu _{2}-\mu _{i})dN_{i};$

or,

$d\left(\beta A\right)=Ed\beta -(\beta p)dV+\beta \mu _{1}dN+\sum _{i=2}^{c}\beta \mu _{i1}dN_{i};$

where $\left.\mu _{i1}\equiv \mu _{i}-\mu _{1}\right.$.

• Now considering the thermodynamical potential: $\beta A-\sum _{i=2}^{c}\left(N_{i}\beta \mu _{i1}\right)$

$d\left[\beta A-\sum _{i=2}^{c}(\beta \mu _{i1}N_{i})\right]=Ed\beta -\left(\beta p\right)dV+\beta \mu _{1}dN-N_{2}d\left(\beta \mu _{21}\right).$

Fixed pressure and temperature

In the Isothermal-Isobaric ensemble: $(N_{1},N_{2},\cdots ,N_{c},p,T)$ one can write:

$d(\beta G)=Ed\beta +Vd(\beta p)+\sum _{i=1}^{c}\left(\beta \mu _{i}\right)dN_{i}$

where:

• $G$ is the Gibbs energy function

Fixed pressure and temperature: Semi-grand ensemble

Following the procedure described above one can write:

$\beta G(\beta ,\beta p,N_{1},N_{2},\cdots N_{c})\rightarrow \beta \Phi (\beta ,\beta p,N,\beta \mu _{21},\cdots ,\beta \mu _{c1})$,

where the new thermodynamical Potential $\beta \Phi$ is given by:

$d(\beta \Phi )=d\left[\beta G-\sum _{i=2}^{c}(\beta \mu _{i1}N_{i})\right]=Ed\beta +Vd(\beta p)+\beta \mu _{1}dN-\sum _{i=2}^{c}N_{i}d(\beta \mu _{i1}).$

Fixed pressure and temperature: Semi-grand ensemble: partition function

In the fixed composition ensemble one has:

$Q_{N_{i},p,T}={\frac {\beta p}{\prod _{i=1}^{c}\left(\Lambda _{i}^{3N_{i}}N_{i}!\right)}}\int _{0}^{\infty }dVe^{-\beta pV}V^{N}\int \left(\prod _{i=1}^{c}d(R_{i}^{*})^{3N_{i}}\right)\exp \left[-\beta U\left(V,(R_{1}^{*})^{3N_{1}},\cdots \right)\right].$