Stirling's approximation

James Stirling (1692-1770, Scotland)

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left.\ln N!\right. = \ln 1 + \ln 2 + \ln 3 + ... + \ln N = \sum_{k=1}^N \ln k .}

Because of Euler-MacLaurin formula

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N \ln k=\int_1^N \ln x\,dx+\sum_{k=1}^p\frac{B_{2k}}{2k(2k-1)}\left(\frac{1}{n^{2k-1}}-1\right)+R ,}

where B₁ = −1/2, B₂ = 1/6, B₃ = 0, B₄ = −1/30, B₅ = 0, B₆ = 1/42, B₇ = 0, B₈ = −1/30, ... are the Bernoulli numbers, and R is an error term which is normally small for suitable values of p.

Then, for large N,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ln N! \sim \int_1^N \ln x\,dx \sim N \ln N -N .}

after some further manipulation one arrives at

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N! = \sqrt{2 \pi N} \; N^{N} e^{-N} e^{\lambda_N}}

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{12N+1} < \lambda_N < \frac{1}{12N}.}

For example:

N	N! (exact)	N! (Stirling)	Error (%)
3	6	5.83620959	2.81
4	24	23.5061751	2.10
5	120	118.019168	1.67
6	720	710.078185	1.40
7	5040	4980.39583	1.20
8	40320	39902.3955	1.05
9	362880	359536.873	0.93
10	3628800	3598695.62	0.84

As one usually deals with number of the order of the Avogadro constant (Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 10^{23}} ) this formula is essentially exact. In computer simulations the number of atoms or molecules (N) is invariably greater than 100, where the percentage error is less than .

Applications in statistical mechanics

• Ideal gas Helmholtz energy function