Pressure equation

For particles acting through two-body central forces alone one may use the thermodynamic relation

$p=-\left.{\frac {\partial A}{\partial V}}\right\vert _{T}$

Using this relation, along with the Helmholtz energy function and the canonical partition function, one arrives at the so-called pressure equation (also known as the virial equation):

$p^{*}={\frac {\beta p}{\rho }}={\frac {pV}{Nk_{B}T}}=1-\beta {\frac {2}{3}}\pi \rho \int _{0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {{\rm {d}}\Phi (r)}{{\rm {d}}r}}~r\right)~{\rm {g}}(r)r^{2}~{\rm {d}}r$

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta = 1/k_BT} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Phi(r)} is a central potential and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\rm g}(r)} is the pair distribution function.