3-dimensional hard rods

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Density-functional theory

  1. A. Poniewierski and R. Holyst "Density-functional theory for systems of hard rods", Physical Review A 41 pp. 6871-6880 (1990)

Infinitely long hard rods

Main article: Onsager theory
  1. Lars Onsager "The effects of shape on the interaction of colloidal particles", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 51 pp. 627-659 (1949)

Isotropic-nematic transition

Hard rods of sufficient length are able to display liquid crystalline behaviour, specifically, an isotropic to nematic transition, as well as the smectic phase.

  1. Ping Sheng "Hard rod model of the nematic-isotropic phase transition", RCA Review 35 pp. 132-143 (1974)
  2. J. D. Parsons "Nematic ordering in a system of rods" Physical Review A 19 1225-1230 (1979)
  3. H. H. Wensink and G. J. Vroege "Isotropic–nematic phase behavior of length-polydisperse hard rods", Journal of Chemical Physics 119 6868 (2003)
  4. D. Frenkel, H. N. W. Lekkerkerker and A. Stroobants "Thermodynamic stability of a smectic phase in a system of hard rods", Nature 332 pp. 822-823 (1988)

Related models

References

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